Abstract: The application of ionic liquids(IL) in the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel has attracted much attention for their characteristic properties. In this article, the recent progress about extraction behaviors of some actinides and fission products in spent nuclear fuel by various extractants in different ionic liquids was reviewed. Especially, the key issues concerning the efficiency, selectivity and mechanism of extraction as well as stripping in different ionic liquid-based extraction systems were discussed. By summarizing the present research, we could find that the extraction efficiency in IL extraction systems was often higher than that in traditional extraction systems because of its extraction mechanism and the extraction selectivity of some ionic liquid-based extraction systems was good, indicating their application prospect in extraction. After the introduction of three mechanisms in IL-based extraction (i.e., cation-exchange mechanism, anion-exchange mechanism and solvation mechanism), the third phase problem and synergistic extraction were summarized. Three common methods of stripping (i.e., liquid-liquid stripping, supercritical CO₂ stripping and electrochemical stripping) were also discussed from their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the research results were concluded and the application foreground of ionic liquid-based extraction systems was presented.