Abstract: The contributions of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry to the improvements on human health were reviewed in this article. Firstly, the discovery history of radioactivity and other important discoveries, related to human health in the field of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry, were briefly introduced. Secondly, the development history of ⁹⁹Mo/⁹⁹Tc^m generator, the principles and major applications of 9Tc^m radiopharmaceuticals as well as other major radionuclides in nuclear medicine, were described. Thirdly, the imaging principle of PET radiopharmaceuticals, the development history and the wide applications in nuclear medicine of ¹⁸F-FDG, together with other important ¹⁸F-labeled imaging agents were depicted. Fourthly, the current therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals were summarized; then, ²²³Ra dichloride injection for the therapy of bone metastases was highlighted. Fifthly, the advantages and disadvantages of various imaging technology were outlined; then, the new developments of PET/MRI dual-modal imaging agents were emphasized. Lastly, the roles of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry to the improvements on human health were prospected; then, the achievements and existing problems of China were discussed.