Abstract: The purification of uranium-containing wastewater is an important area concerning nuclear environmental safety and sustainable development of nuclear energy. In recent years, the development of environmental friendly and efficient purification materials has become a hot spot in the field of environmental radiochemistry. Due to the advantages of large specific surface area, strong reactivity and easy functionalization, nanomaterials have shown great potential in the field of radioactive pollution treatment. In this review, the functional nanomaterials used in the purification treatment of uranium-containing wastewater in recent years are summarized, including magnetic nanomaterials, metal-organic framework materials, nano-zero-valent iron materials, nanofibers, carbon nanomaterials, nano-mesoporous materials, and two-dimensional layered nanomaterials. The advantages and limitations of different materials are discussed. The application prospects of functional nanomaterials for the treatment of uranium-containing wastewater are prospected. The discussion in this review provides a reference for the future management and remediation of environmental radioactive pollutants in China.