Abstract: Both nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry are fundamental disciplines, which play a vital role in national nuclear safety and sustainable development of nuclear energy. Nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry use chemical methods to study nuclear properties and use nuclear properties to study chemical phenomena. The research scopes involve the structures of nuclear, the laws of nuclear transformation, and the chemical effects during nuclear transformation. The development of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry is extremely important for national security. It is the fundamental support for the continuous development of nuclear basic research, nuclear fuel cycle system improvement, nuclear energy development, nuclear technology application and other fields. The nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry in China originated in the 1950s, which has gradually grown and developed alongside national defense construction and the utilization of nuclear energy. This article reviews the main research achievements in the fields of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry in the past 70 years since the establishment of China’s nuclear industry. The progress of techniques and researches were focused on fission chemistry, nuclear data measurement, rapid separation of short-lived nuclides, separation and determination of long-lived trace nuclides, target preparation, synthesis of new nuclides, and preparation of medical isotopes. Combined with the requirements of sustainable development of nuclear energy for nuclear chemistry research, the future directions are also prospected. Nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry, as fundamental disciplines for the development of nuclear energy and the application of nuclear technology, will focus on the fission chemistry of plutonium and transplutonium elements, rapid radiochemical separation technology for short-lived nuclides, design of new ligands and functional materials, and mechanisms for the separation and purification of radioactive nuclides in the future. Although the development of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry in China is currently rapid, there is still room for improvement in terms of theoretical innovation and technological innovation. Compared with foreign countries, previous work in China has placed more emphasis on application-oriented research and insufficient attention on basic research, which has to some extent affected China’s original innovation capability in the field of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry. The overall research level still lags behind that of the United States, Europe, and Japan. Therefore, researchers in nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry should continue to explore the cross application of radioanalytical chemistry methods in emerging fields and to expand interdisciplinary research. With the increasing emphasis on innovative development in China, basic research related to nuclear chemistry and radiation will see rapid and significant progress.