Abstract: Radioanalytical chemistry is an important branch of analytical chemistry which deals with analysis of radionuclides and their species in various samples, including all relevant aspects: development of specific reagents and materials such as extractants and resins for separation of radionuclides and their species from various sample matrix, radiochemical separation procedures of radionuclides, sensitive measurement techniques as well as equipment and instrumental apparatus, and methods and instrument for on-line and in-situ analysis of radionuclides. For decades, radioanalytical chemistry has played an important role in the nuclear science and technology and provided powerful support for national security in China. In recent years, radioanalytical chemistry has made significant progress in China. A series of innovative achievements have been made in the synthesizing and production of special separation materials, high-sensitivity measurement methods for radionuclides, accurate analysis of radionuclides in the environment, and analytical technique and methods of radionuclides in nuclear fuel cycle industry. The professional research teams and platforms have been significantly strengthened, ensuring the fundamental research in radioanalytical chemistry. All these have provided strong support for China’s national defense and nuclear environmental safety, rapid development of the nuclear energy industry, and leap in nuclear fuel reprocessing technology. However, compared with the international advanced level and China’s strategic requirement in nuclear energy and technology development, there are still many scientific challenges in several scopes, including high-sensitivity and accurate analysis of low-level difficult-to-measure radionuclides, speciation analysis of radionuclides in complicated environment matrix, and advanced materials and equipment for radiochemical analysis. The following points should be addressed and strengthened in the future: (1) development of high performance specific separation material and apparatus; (2) in-situ analytical methods and techniques for radionuclides speciation; (3) innovative radiochemical analytical method for quality control of radiopharmaceuticals; (4) automated and intelligent radioanalytical methods and systems for large-scale environmental radioactivity monitoring and on-line analysis in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. These efforts will certainly help to improve the level of self-reliance, automation, and intelligence of radioanalytical chemistry and instrumentation in China. Furthermore, some issues such as standardization of radioanalytical method, characterization analysis for decommission of nuclear facilities, enlarging the application of radioanalytical chemistry in new and interdisciplinary fields, and scientific research platform construction.