Abstract: Uranium pollution poses a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health, and its remediation has become an important issue in environmental governance. Bioremediation technology has gradually become more important for uranium remediation. This article systematically reviews the main mechanisms of bioremediation of uranium, including biosorption, biomineralization, bioreduction, and bioaccumulation. The roles and mechanisms of various microorganisms in uranium fixation and transformation have been analyzed. Further exploration is conducted on the regulatory mechanisms of environmental factors such as redox conditions, carbon source dynamics, solution chemistry parameters, and mineral interface interactions on the remediation effect. Finally, prospects for future research directions are proposed to promote the large-scale application of microbial remediation technology in actual uranium pollution control.