Abstract: With the rapid development of medical radioactive isotopes, nuclear medicine has played an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Medical isotopes such as iodine-125(¹²⁵I), iodine-131(¹³¹I), strontium-89(⁸⁹Sr), technetium-99m(⁹⁹Tc^m) have been widely utilized in clinical imaging examinations, targeted radionuclide therapies, and other related fields. While these isotopes make significantly contributions to various aspects of nuclear medical practices, their application inevitably produces substantial volumes of radioactive medical liquid waste. Before these wastes can be discharged, they generally require a period of decay storage to reduce their radioactivity to levels compliant with the discharge limits set by relevant national regulations and standards. In addition, the complex radionuclide species, wide concentration distribution, and diverse chemical forms in the waste significantly elevate the difficulty of separation and treatment, it imposes higher requirements on the selectivity and stability of the treatment materials. Consequently, the safe and efficient treatment and disposal of such waste has become a critical and urgent issue requiring immediate attention. At present, to effectively reduce environmental risks and ensure public safety, a diversified technical system has been established for the treatment and disposal of medical radioactive liquid waste. This system primarily encompasses technologies such as the decay pool method, membrane treatment, chemical separation and precipitation, evaporation concentration, as well as adsorption and ion exchange techniques. In contrast, the adsorption approach boasts the advantages of high adsorption efficiency, straight forward maintenance and operation, cost-effectiveness, minimal energy consumption and scalability for large-scale applications, has become the most widely employed method for radionuclide separation and removal. In the last years, in order to remove radioactive nuclides from waste liquids, various high-performance adsorbent materials have been developed and reported, including zeolites, activated carbon, layered materials, metal-organic frameworks(MOFs), covalent organic frameworks(COF), porous organic polymers(POPs), ion-exchange resins, and nanocomposite materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest research progress and current applications in the treatment and disposal technologies for medical radioactive liquid waste, with a particular focus on the development and optimization of radionuclide removal materials. Furthermore, considering the current status of nuclear technology applications and waste management needs in China, the future development directions of medical liquid waste treatment technologies are discussed. It aims to provide theoretical references and practical guidance for the application of related materials in the treatment of medical radioactive waste.