Abstract: The rapid development of the nuclear energy industry has resulted in the generation of large quantities of uranium-containing radioactive wastewater. The safe and efficient treatment of such wastewater constitutes a critical challenge for environmental protection and the recovery of valuable resources. Adsorption has become a commonly used technique for the enrichment and removal of uranium from wastewater due to its operational simplicity, low cost, and wide applicability. With continuous advancements in materials science, significant progress has been made in the research and practical application of various organic adsorbents. This paper systematically reviews the different types of organic materials employed for uranium adsorption, which primarily include natural organic polymers(such as cellulose, chitosan, and alginate), biomass wastes (for example, agricultural residues and leaves), microorganisms(including bacteria, fungi, and algae), as well as synthetic polymeric materials (notably ion-imprinted polymers and organic framework materials). In aqueous solutions, uranium predominantly exists in the form of the uranyl ion (\mathrmUO_2^2+ ). The principal adsorption mechanisms involve ion exchange and surface complexation between the uranyl ions and the functional groups present on the adsorbent materials. To significantly enhance adsorption performance, various modification methods-such as ion imprinting, cross-linking, grafting, and compositing-are applied. These techniques effectively introduce or enrich oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups(e.g., –OH, –COOH, –NH₂) on the material surfaces, thereby markedly improving both the adsorption capacity and selectivity for uranium. For instance, modified chitosan-based adsorbents can achieve a maximum uranium adsorption capacity of 619 mg/g. Furthermore, certain phosphate-based organic framework materials maintain excellent adsorption performance even under strongly acidic conditions. The adsorption processes for most of these materials conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics and can be well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. Future research should focus on the development of novel adsorbents that exhibit high selectivity and robust stability in challenging environments, such as those with high salinity, strong acidity, or complex mixtures of competing ions. It is essential to employ advanced characterization techniques—including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) analysis—to gain deeper insights into the molecular-level adsorption mechanisms. Concurrently, greater attention must be paid to the cyclic regeneration capability, potential for engineering-scale application, and overall environmental friendliness of these adsorbent materials. Addressing these aspects is crucial for facilitating the transition of uranium adsorption technologies from laboratory-scale research to full-scale practical implementation.