以球形活性炭为载体的Cs+选择性吸附材料的制备

    Preparing Cs+ Selectively Absorbing Material With Spherical Active Carbon Used as Support

    • 摘要: 基于核工业对含铯放射性废水治理的技术需求,采用向多孔球形活性炭内部负载固定化六氰合铁(Ⅱ)酸钾的方法制备了对Cs+具有高选择性吸附能力的新型杂化材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附比表面测试(BET法)、扫描电子显微镜+能谱分析(SEM-EDX)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(质谱法)(ICP-OES(MS))对材料进行了分析。研究发现,固定化六氰合铁(Ⅱ)酸钾嵌于多孔球形活性炭颗粒内部,并取得了良好的Cs+选择性捕捉能力(0.1 mol/L Na+或K+或H+存在条件下的吸附分配系数Kd分别为3441705791942540 mL/g);在高酸度条件下(1.0 mol/L HNO3),以六氰合铁铜钾为活性成分的样品对Cs+的吸附分配系数为14692 mL/g。多孔球形活性炭的光滑球壳为材料提供了极佳的耐磨和防破碎性能,使材料在固液接触过程中几乎没有粉化和掉屑的问题,出水完全无色,在实际放射性废水处理方面具备良好的应用前景。

       

      Abstract: As one of the most notorious long-lived radionuclides with strong radioactivity, Cs+ is particularly difficult to sequester due to its alkali-metal-ion chemical properties. Therefore, selective Cs+ adsorbents are urgently needed in radioactive wastewater treatment. Stabilized potassium hexacyanoferrates(Ⅱ) have proven effective for selective Cs+ removal; however, their practical application is severely constrained because they are typically obtained as nano- or microparticles that are extremely difficult to granulate. When granulated or supported particles are subjected to water flow, fine solids tend to be washed away, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the effluent due to the entrained Cs+-laden particulates. To address this issue, composite materials with high selective Cs+ uptake were prepared by incorporating stabilized potassium hexacyanoferrates(Ⅱ) into porous spherical activated carbon. The spherical activated carbon support was derived from strong-acid ion-exchange resin beads through calcination and activation. Using a rationally designed procedure, co-precipitation reactions that yield stabilized potassium hexacyanoferrates(Ⅱ) were conducted within the internal pores of the spherical carbon. The resulting composites were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption(BET method), SEM-EDX, and ICP-OES/MS. The results show that the specific surface areas of the samples exceed 700 m2/g, with micropores, mesopores, and macropores all being present. It can be safely concluded that the stabilized potassium hexacyanoferrates(Ⅱ) were successfully embedded in the inner crevices of the porous spherical activated carbon, and the composites exhibited excellent selective Cs+ capture ability, with distribution coefficients(Kd) of 344170, 57919, and 42540 mL/g in the presence of 0.1 mol/L Na+, K+, or H+, respectively. Under strong acid interference(1.0 mol/L HNO3), the sample using copper-stabilized potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅱ) as the active ingredient achieved the highest Kd of 14692 mL/g. In the presence of concentrated K+(1.0 mol/L), the cobalt-stabilized analogue gave a Kd of 92872 mL/g. The outer shell of the porous spherical carbon is permeable to water and ions but impermeable to the stabilized hexacyanoferrate(Ⅱ) nanoparticles. Hence, the active sites remain fully accessible to Cs+ in solution without being washed away, and the treated liquids remained completely colorless. Moreover, the smooth shell endows the composites with good abrasion resistance and crack-proof properties, preventing pulverization or scaling-off during solid-liquid contact. These characteristics make the prepared materials a promising candidate for treating real radioactive wastewater.

       

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