Abstract: Inert gas argon has important applications in the fields of daily life, industrial manufacture and nuclear environmental monitoring. The key to its application is to selectively and efficiently separate and purify Ar from complex gas components. However, the separation of O₂ and Ar at normal temperature is full of challenge due to their similar molecular sizes and adsorption properties as well as their close boiling point. In industry, high purity Ar is mainly produced by low temperature rectification, which is mature technology, but the equipment is large, high-energy consumption and explosive. Adsorption separation is a common method of gas separation. Molecular sieves are the most widely used material due to their huge specific surface area, aboudant pore structure and excellent adsorption properties. The silica tetrahedron in molecular sieve is electrically neutral, while the aluminum tetrahedron is electronegative, which makes it necessary to use H⁺ or Na⁺ outside the molecular sieve skeleton to maintain electrical neutrality. In actual application, the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbent can be enhanced by ion-exchange modification of molecular sieve material, so as to effectively improve the O₂/Ar separation capacity of molecular sieve. In this paper, the application of ion-exchange modified molecular sieve materials in the field of O₂/Ar adsorption separation was systematically summarized and reviewed. The results show that the O₂/Ar separation coefficients of molecular sieves modified by alkaline earth metal ions like Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ can reach about 2.0, while that of Ce³⁺-exchanged X-type molecular sieve is as high as 5.9, it is an ideal adsorption material for O₂/Ar separation. However, the high separation coefficient is limited to the range of low partial pressure, and the O₂/Ar separation coefficient under normal pressure is below 2.0. The Ag⁺-exchanged molecular sieves, namely silver-loaded molecular sieves, have excellent Ar adsorption selectivity. At present, the O₂/Ar separation coefficients of silver-loaded molecular sieve materials at atmospheric pressure are around 2.0, but the preparation cost of silver-loaded molecular sieves is high, and it is more suitable for small-scale separation applications, it means that the efficient separation of O₂ and Ar at normal temperature and pressure is still challenging. The development of novel ion-exchange modified molecular sieve materials with high adsorption capacity and high adsorption selectivity for the separation of O₂ and Ar is still one of the focuses and trends of future research projects.